Education And Debate
Framework for design and evaluation of complex interventions to improve health
BMJ 2000; 321 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7262.694 (Published 16 September 2000) Cite this as: BMJ 2000;321:694
Related articles
- Research Published: 17 April 2008; BMJ 336 doi:10.1136/bmj.39517.495764.25
- RESEARCH Published: 21 November 2006; BMJ doi:10.1136/bmj.39010.551319.AE
- Research Published: 04 January 2007; BMJ 334 doi:10.1136/bmj.39010.551319.AE
- Editorial Published: 28 February 2008; BMJ 336 doi:10.1136/bmj.39478.693715.80
- Research Published: 29 October 2009; BMJ 339 doi:10.1136/bmj.b4220
- Analysis Published: 08 November 2007; BMJ 335 doi:10.1136/bmj.39372.540903.94
- Analysis And Comment Published: 16 February 2006; BMJ 332 doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7538.413
- Research Published: 20 August 2010; BMJ 341 doi:10.1136/bmj.c4093
- Analysis Published: 01 March 2007; BMJ 334 doi:10.1136/bmj.39108.379965.BE
- Analysis Published: 05 June 2008; BMJ 336 doi:10.1136/bmj.39569.510521.AD
- Research Methods & Reporting Published: 29 September 2008; BMJ 337 doi:10.1136/bmj.a1655
- FEATURE Published: 22 October 2007; BMJ doi:10.1136/bmj.39359.525174.AD
- Analysis Published: 25 October 2007; BMJ 335 doi:10.1136/bmj.39359.525174.AD
- Editorial Published: 13 October 2005; BMJ 331 doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7521.856
- Research Published: 28 February 2008; BMJ 336 doi:10.1136/bmj.39474.922025.BE
- Analysis And Comment Published: 12 January 2006; BMJ 332 doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7533.109
- Analysis And Comment Published: 10 August 2006; BMJ 333 doi:10.1136/bmj.333.7563.349
- Analysis Published: 01 February 2010; BMJ 340 doi:10.1136/bmj.c185
- Analysis Published: 01 February 2016; BMJ 352 doi:10.1136/bmj.i154
- Research Methods & Reporting Published: 19 March 2015; BMJ 350 doi:10.1136/bmj.h1258
- Research Methods & Reporting Published: 15 November 2013; BMJ 347 doi:10.1136/bmj.f6681
- Research Published: 10 September 2009; BMJ 339 doi:10.1136/bmj.b3496
- Research Published: 23 February 2009; BMJ 338 doi:10.1136/bmj.b421
- Research Published: 15 May 2009; BMJ 338 doi:10.1136/bmj.b1802
- Research Published: 07 February 2018; BMJ 360 doi:10.1136/bmj.k211
- Careers Published: 09 July 2008; BMJ 337 doi:10.1136/bmj.a447
- Analysis And Comment Published: 10 August 2006; BMJ 333 doi:10.1136/bmj.333.7563.346
- Research Published: 11 January 2007; BMJ 334 doi:10.1136/bmj.39049.706493.55
- RESEARCH Published: 08 December 2006; BMJ doi:10.1136/bmj.39049.706493.55
- Practice Published: 20 June 2019; BMJ 365 doi:10.1136/bmj.l2239
- Research Methods & Reporting Published: 30 September 2021; BMJ 374 doi:10.1136/bmj.n2061
See more
- Can a focus on reducing the UK’s prison population benefit public health?BMJ June 04, 2025, 389 r1160; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r1160
- Rammya Mathew: Trained, qualified, and unemployed—the GP workforce paradoxBMJ June 04, 2025, 389 r1155; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r1155
- John Launer: Botox, lifestyle medicine, and future general practiceBMJ May 28, 2025, 389 r1078; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r1078
- Helen Salisbury: Waiting for the 10 year planBMJ May 28, 2025, 389 r1090; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r1090
- Covid-19: Early call to test healthcare staff was ignored, inquiry hearsBMJ May 27, 2025, 389 r1092; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.r1092
Cited by...
- Could a behaviour change intervention be used to address under-recognition of work-related asthma in primary care? A systematic review
- Qualitative exploration of the acceptability of a 12-week intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour among ethnically diverse older adults
- Applying co-design health literacy development in Australian prisons: protocol for system-wide application of the Optimising Health Literacy and Access (Ophelia) process
- Interventions to enable and reach patients with heart failure and their caregivers, with palliative care (TIER-HF-PC): a study protocol of a two-armed parallel group, open label randomised controlled trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a tiered model of palliative care in tertiary cardiac institutes in Singapore
- Decoding behaviour change techniques in opioid deprescribing strategies following major surgery: a systematic review of interventions to reduce postoperative opioid use
- Reducing the urge to be physically active in patients with anorexia nervosa through virtual reality: protocol for a randomised-controlled feasibility trial
- Active case finding using mobile vans equipped with artificial intelligence aided radiology tests and sputum collection for rapid diagnostic tests to reduce tuberculosis prevalence in rural China: protocol for a pragmatic trial
- Effectiveness evaluation of an organisational intervention, targeting pregnancy and addiction care professionals, among women who have just given birth in maternity wards and smoked tobacco during pregnancy (5A-QUIT-N): study protocol for a stepped-wedge cluster randomised trial
- Psychological aspects of caregiving after stroke: a systematic scoping review and thematic synthesis of theories
- What is known about the role of external facilitators during the implementation of complex interventions in healthcare settings? A scoping review
- Optimising personal continuity for older patients in general practice: a cluster randomised stepped wedge pragmatic trial
- Team-based outpatient early palliative care: a complex cancer intervention
- Labour Care Guide implementation as a decision-making tool for monitoring labour among healthcare providers in Uganda: protocol for a mixed-methods study
- Could behaviour change techniques be used to address under-recognition of work-related asthma in primary care? A systematic review
- The Prehabilitation Radiotherapy Exercise, smoking Habit cessation and Balanced diet Study (PREHABS) protocol to explore the feasibility of embedding behavioural modifications into the clinical pathway for patients undergoing radical radiotherapy for lung cancer
- Customization and acceptability of the WHO Labor care guide to improve labor monitoring among health workers in Uganda. An Iterative Development Study
- Self-Management Analysis in Chronic Conditions (SMACC) checklist: an international consensus-based tool to develop, compare and evaluate self-management support programmes
- What does 'following the guidance mean in an era of increasingly pluralistic guidance for the development, evaluation and implementation of interventions?
- Implementation of a multicomponent family support intervention in adult intensive care units: study protocol for an embedded mixed-methods multiple case study (FICUS implementation study)
- Complexities in interdisciplinary community engagement projects: some reflections and lessons from an applied drama and theatre project in diabetes care
- Bibliotherapy in practice: a person-centred approach to using books for mental health and dementia in the community
- Observed intervention effects for mortality in randomised clinical trials: a methodological study protocol
- Labour Care Guide implementation as a decision-making tool for monitoring labour among health care providers in Southwestern Uganda: A protocol for a multisite Effectiveness-Implementation study
- Implementation of a frailty intervention in the transition from hospital to home: a realist process evaluation protocol for the FORTRESS trial
- Feasibility evaluation of the Reaching Out to Kids with Emotional Trauma (ROcKET) intervention in an elementary school: a single-arm, single-centre, feasibility study based on the RE-AIM framework
- Evaluation of the implementation and effectiveness of a multifactorial intervention strategy for safe patient handling and movement in the healthcare sector: a study protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial
- Implementing an intervention to enhance care delivery and consistency for people with hip fracture and cognitive impairment in acute hospital wards: a mixed methods process evaluation of a randomised controlled feasibility trial (PERFECTED)
- Improving equity in access to early diagnosis of cancer in different healthcare systems of Latin America: protocol for the EquityCancer-LA implementation-effectiveness hybrid study
- Introduction to the development of complex interventions
- Adapt or die: how the pandemic made the shift from EBM to EBM+ more urgent
- Safe and Healthy Para sport project (SHAPE): a study protocol of a complex intervention within Para sport
- Novel device for assisted vaginal birth: using integrated qualitative case study methodology to optimise Odon Device use within a feasibility study in a maternity unit in the Southwest of England
- Protocol for an intervention development and pilot implementation evaluation study of an e-health solution to improve newborn care quality and survival in two low-resource settings, Malawi and Zimbabwe: Neotree
- Interventions to Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening Uptake in Primary Care: A Systematic Review
- What evidence is needed to demonstrate the beneficial effects of exercise for osteoarthritis?
- Families healthcare experiences for children with inherited metabolic diseases: protocol for a mixed methods cohort study
- Feasibility of implementing the advanced HIV disease care package as part of community-based HIV/TB activities: a mixed-methods study protocol
- Implementing a creche-based community drowning programme in rural Bangladesh: a process evaluation
- Implementation of medicinal cannabis in Australia: innovation or upheaval? Perspectives from physicians as key informants, a qualitative analysis
- 'More than just chitchat: a qualitative study concerning the need and potential format of a peer mentor programme for patients with early rheumatoid arthritis
- Evidence of the Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of Oncology Financial Navigation: A Scoping Review
- Impact of fan therapy during exercise on breathlessness and recovery time in patients with COPD: a pilot randomised controlled crossover trial
- A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions: update of Medical Research Council guidance
- Developing a recovery-focused therapy for older people with bipolar disorder: a qualitative focus group study
- Implementation of a complex intervention to improve hospital discharge: process evaluation of a cluster randomised controlled trial
- Effect of preoperative education and ICU tour on patient and family satisfaction and anxiety in the intensive care unit after elective cardiac surgery: a randomised controlled trial
- Implementation of a paediatric early warning system as a complex health technology intervention
- Monitoring, implementation and reporting of interventions in a selection of trials assessing exercise therapy for the management of shoulder subacromial pain: a cross-sectional investigation
- Staff perceptions of how changes occur in an emergency department: a qualitative study
- The DemWG study: reducing the risk of hospitalisation through a complex intervention for people with dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in German shared-housing arrangements: study protocol of a prospective, mixed-methods, multicentre, cluster-randomised controlled trial
- Early palliative care in haematological patients: a systematic literature review
- Achieving engagement with a Deliberate Practice programme using portable laparoscopy simulators - "Incentivised Laparoscopy Practice"
- Effects of external inspections on sepsis detection and treatment: a stepped-wedge study with cluster-level randomisation
- Prescribing trends over time by non-medical independent prescribers in primary care settings across Wales (2011-2018): a secondary database analysis
- Making shared decision-making (SDM) a reality: protocol of a large-scale long-term SDM implementation programme at a Northern German University Hospital
- Improving Primary Care After Stroke (IPCAS) randomised controlled trial: protocol for a multidimensional process evaluation
- Supervised treatment in outpatients for schizophrenia plus (STOPS+): protocol for a cluster randomised trial of a community-based intervention to improve treatment adherence and reduce the treatment gap for schizophrenia in Pakistan
- Development and usability testing of HEARTPAfemaleN: protocol for a mixed methods strategy to develop an integrated smartphone and web-based intervention for women with cardiac pain
- Uptake of best practice recommendations in the management of patients with diabetes and periodontitis: a cross-sectional survey of healthcare professionals in primary care
- Assessment on patient outcomes of primary hip replacement: an interrupted time series analysis from 'The National Joint Registry of England and Wales
- Randomised controlled pilot feasibility trial of an early intervention programme for young infants with neurodevelopmental impairment in Uganda: a study protocol
- Qualitative research as evidence: expanding the paradigm for evidence-based healthcare
- Process evaluations of primary care interventions addressing chronic disease: a systematic review
- Protocol for a non-randomised pilot and feasibility study evaluating a multicomponent intervention to simplify medication regimens for people receiving community-based home care services
- Evaluating the impact of healthcare interventions using routine data
- Primary care clinicians views of paediatric respiratory infection surveillance information to inform clinical decision-making: a qualitative study
- Process evaluation of complex interventions tested in randomised controlled trials in musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review protocol
- Exploring psychiatrists perspectives of working with patients with dissociative seizures in the UK healthcare system as part of the CODES trial: a qualitative study
- Theory-based self-management intervention to improve adolescents asthma control: a cluster randomised controlled trial protocol
- What are the positive drivers and potential barriers to implementation of hospital at home selected by low-risk DECAF score in the UK: a qualitative study embedded within a randomised controlled trial
- Qualitative evaluation of a complex intervention to implement health promotion activities according to healthcare attendees and health professionals: EIRA study (phase II)
- Protocol for the PreventIT feasibility randomised controlled trial of a lifestyle-integrated exercise intervention in young older adults
- Children and Teens in Charge of their Health (CATCH): A protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial of solution-focused coaching to foster healthy lifestyles in childhood disability
- The iPROMOS protocol: a stepped-wedge study to implement routine patient-reported outcomes in a medical oncology outpatient setting
- Effectiveness of a childhood obesity prevention programme delivered through schools, targeting 6 and 7 year olds: cluster randomised controlled trial (WAVES study)
- Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of implementing HIV testing in primary care in East London: protocol for an interrupted time series analysis
- Home palliative care works: but how? A meta-ethnography of the experiences of patients and family caregivers
- Physical Activity Counseling for Children With Cystic Fibrosis
- Effects of external inspection on sepsis detection and treatment: a study protocol for a quasiexperimental study with a stepped-wedge design
- ParticiPAte CP: a protocol of a randomised waitlist controlled trial of a motivational and behaviour change therapy intervention to increase physical activity through meaningful participation in children with cerebral palsy
- Multiple health behaviour change interventions for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis
- Nurse-led Care for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review of the Effect on Quality of Care
- Specialist palliative care improves the quality of life in advanced neurodegenerative disorders: NE-PAL, a pilot randomised controlled study
- Type 2 diabetes patients perspective on Ramadan fasting: a qualitative study
- Evaluation of a complex intervention to improve primary care prescribing: a phase IV segmented regression interrupted time series analysis